Water is not only essential for animal and human existence but also for the sustenance of the ecosystem. In Africa, this precious resource availability is reducing globally and eventually led to the individual, group and national manipulation of water to attain multi-dimensional interests leading to water conflicts amongst nations. The River Nile basin being one of the largest rivers in Africa offers tremendous opportunities for development of its riparian states, in terms of hydropower, food production etc. Water conflicts in this basin is identifiable among its riparian states and consequently need some diplomatic interventions in solving them. This paper is based largely on interviews conducted in 2017 in the Nile Basin Initiative Secretariat at Entebbe, Uganda. A qualitative method of data analyses using interview which are supplemented with readings of reports and findings of other research on the subject to source for data on the roles of the Nile Basin Discourse (NBD) in fostering cooperation among the river Nile riparian states. This paper reveals that a Civil Society Organization (CSOs) like the Nile Basin Discourse (NBD) has helped bridge this gap and forge a regional approach as well as critical for bringing the perspectives of communities towards achieving water cooperation among the river Nile riparian states. The paper concludes that the Nile basin Discourse (NBD) has successfully improved integration of civil society and community level voices into the design, implementation, and monitoring of Nile Basin activities and policy. To this end, this paper calls on Riparian States with similar situation to adopt the Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) framework/strategy in dealing with regional water conflict like that of the Nile Basin Discourse (NBD). Keywords: Civil Society Organization (CSOs), Nile Basin Discourse (NBD), River Nile, Water Conundrum, Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)

This study examines the moderating role of audit committee independence on the relationship between auditor independence and stock returns of listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria. Secondary data were collected from the annual financial statements of the companies chosen for this study covering from 2008-2019. Panel data regression was also used for the purpose of analysis. It was found that auditor independence has no significant relationship with stock returns, that, audit committee independence has no moderating effect on the relationship existing between auditor independence and stock returns. The paper therefore recommends to investors and other capital market participants that, engagement of any auditor should be based on the competence of the auditor and not just the independence. When this happens the quality of their audit report will be assured. Further to this, the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria, (FRC) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is advised to provide in their codes that, audit committee members must be experts in Accounting and finance who will be familiar with financial reporting practices of firms so that the financial reporting quality is upheld. Keywords: Audit committee Independence, Auditor Independence, Stock Return.

Despite the Nigerian governments various fiscal policy measures aimed at managing public expenditure, the expected results in terms of inclusive economic growth have remained elusive, as the majority of the citizens live in abject poverty, with an embarrassingly high rate of unemployment, macroeconomic instability, and general insecurity. The study therefore examined the impact of budget deficit finance on Nigerian economy growth. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) testing approach to co-integration was the main tool of analysis in this study. The co-integration test revealed the co-integration of the variables and that the Error Correction Model is signed negatively and highly significant statistically at one percent, as anticipated. The estimated Error correction model showed that budget deficit and exchange rate are the key drivers of economic growth in the short-run. Similarly, only budget deficit appears to spur economic growth in the long-run. Further findings revealed that budget deficit financing is an important source of economic growth to the country during the study period; as it positively affects economic growth in Nigeria. The study therefore recommended that the Federal Government should checkmate the level of deficits spending and boost the countrys productive capacity, facilitate a favourable investment climate through appropriate monetary policy transmission channels like interest rate spread. Also, the Federal Government should encourage exchange-rate regimes that attract domestic and foreign investment, create jobs and promote exports from non-oil, as well as revitalize industries that operate far below their capacity. Keywords: Economic Growth, RGDP, Fiscal Deficit Financing, Interest Rate Spread, Exchange Rate, Government Spending and ARDL Model. JEL Codes: 040, N47, H62, H70 and C50

This paper examines the impact of military expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria. Time series data spanning from1985 to 2020 is used. Both the dependent and independent variables were obtained from World development indicator data 2020. The study uses Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The data for the study is analyzed using E-view 9.0. The bound test approach results show that military expenditure was significant in influencing GDP by 92% in the short-run, while in the long-run it has a negative impact (-1.3%). Arms import and money supply had both negative impacts in influencing economic growth of Nigeria. However, exchange rate figures had negative impact in the short-run, but in the long-run it was found to be positive but insignificant on economic growth of Nigeria. The finding generally suggests the synchronization of military sector and their finances through checks and balances.

This study assessed the effect of Liquidity risk on profitability of commercial Banks in Nigeria. The issue of liquidity and profitability management is a paramount one in the banking industry, profitability is improved for banks that hold some liquid assets, however, there is a point beyond which holding further liquid assets diminishes a banks’ profitability which may cause a fire sale of the assets of the bank and may spill over into an impairment of banks capital base. This study was carried out on UBA Plc between 2019 and 2021, using linear regression technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics was used to compute the mean and standard errors of the variables under study while inferential statistics (multiple regression and simple linear regression analysis) was used to test the hypotheses. The results were presented in tables and discussed according to the research hypotheses. The study revealed a significant effect of liquidity risk on the profitability of UBA Plc in Nigeria with the probability coefficient of (P 0.03 <0.05 Based on the findings, the study recommend that UBA Plc should maintain adequate degree of liquidity in the banking system, because the registration of a liquidity crisis at a single bank can have negative repercussions over the whole banking system courtesy the risk of contagion through interbank settlements. UBA Plc should also invest part of their funds in loan portfolio and securities that are in secondary market so that when liquidity need arises, the said asset can be sold in that market.

The poor academic performance of students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria is a cause for concern, and may be attributed to absenteeism. This work determined the relationship between academic performance and class attendance and ascertained the appropriateness of the 75% minimum class attendance requirement. It determined the incidence of absenteeism at different class levels with a view to having more insight on an appropriate remedial approach. Pearson correlation, paired sample t test and ANOVA were applied on secondary data of 686 observations of class attendance records and examination scores obtained between 2016 and 2021. The result of the Pearson correlation test showed that there is a significant positive correlation of 0.4120 between class attendance and continuous assessment scores and correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Similarly, the result of Pearson correlation test further showed that there is a significant positive correlation of 0.266 between class attendance and examinations scores. Paired sample t test showed a significant difference in performance of students with low attendance (less than 75%) and students with high attendance (not less than 75%). Results of the one-way ANOVA at sig 0.000 and F=13.614 showed that there is a statistical difference in attendance between the three class levels. Class attendance in the conventional manner should be encouraged and regulated, while the virtual learning system is being worked upon to be a perfect substitute of the regular class system; and there should be no one-size-fits-all-class approach to dealing with absenteeism across class levels. Keywords: Absenteeism, Academic Performance, Class Attendance

For several decades companies engaged in production have caused various threats to the society and environment in which they operate. These companies should be responsible for the consequences of their operations such as dumping toxic wastes in the water ways, air pollution, and destruction of soil and disturbing the social environment. There is an expectation by the public for companies to act in a socially responsible way through provision of health and safety of workers, protecting the environment and avoiding child labor. This has raised concern in the area of accounting as to how it can be measured statistically and included in the financial statement for stakeholder recognition. This study is a theoretical approach in explaining the present state of the concern of management of companies, shareholders and the international communities at large. After a theoretical and empirical review the study concludes that up-till date companies are not compelled by authorities to report their impacts on the society and finally the study recommends that Social and environmental disclosures by corporations should be made compulsory by international standard setting bodies and also, Environmental Audits and assurance services should also be mandatory by all companies.

This study is a comparative analysis of English and Hausa name truncations from the perspective of prosodic morphology. The intention of the study is to examine the similarities and differences between two genetically unrelated languages in their morphological structures in name truncation. A collection of names that are found in written works: the Online Dictionary of First Names (2006) and English Japanese Name Truncation (Avaram 2010) is used and for Hausa, Onomastic Treasure of the C I A (1965) Sunayen Hausawa na Gargajiya da Ire-Iren Abincin Hausawa (Yahaya 1979) are used as source of data. The contrastive analysis of morphology of the names focuses on phonological aspects such as syllable, stress and tone. The study discovered that English and Hausa have similar truncatory process’ in names consisting of materials which are not adjacent from the source names, truncated names with onset consonant replaced and truncated names that end in vowels. English differs from Hausa in truncated names with stress vowel change, truncated names with dental fricative replaced with (t) and (r) replaced with (l). Hausa differs from English in trisyllabic truncated name and truncated name that contain glottal and a vowel. These reveal that truncation in English has to do with syllable and stress while in Hausa it is based on syllable and tone. Key words: Name Truncations, Syllable Survives Dropping syllable.

This study examined the effect of security challenges on FDI in Africa, Nigeria in perspective. Specifically the study traced among others the effect of terrorism, political violence, and religious tension on FDI inflows in Nigeria using tables, charts and trends techniques to examine the FDI inflows in African countries bedeviled with security challenges to justify the effect of these variables on FDI inflows as identified in literature as factors that determine the inflows of FDI to resource-rich country. The stylized facts, as the empirical regularities in search of theoretical and causal explanations of these variables discovered that security challenges proxied by terrorism, political violence, and religious tension affect FDI inflow to Nigeria. In Nigeria and many other African countries, challenges like petty crimes, kidnapping, armed robberies, ethnic/religious killings, ritualism, Xenophobia, civil war armed insurgency such as: Niger Delta problem, Boko Haram massacres in the North-east, Fulani Herdsmen mass killing everywhere with cases of raping and the agitation by the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) for the Sovereign State of Biafra and banditry in the North-west are the new waves. Thus, this study among other things, recommends the intensification of effort in the war against insecurity issues in Nigeria. Keywords: Terrorism, Political Violence, Religion Tension, Foreign Direct Investment, Stylized Facts. JEL Classification: F21, F23, F52, H5

This paper examined the availability, accessibility and utilization of Electronic information resources in Ramat Library University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. The study determined the electronic resources available in the library under study as well as the accessibility and utilization of the electronic information resources. The study adopted survey research design. The target population is 90 users of the library under study who were purposively selected for the study. A self-designed questionnaire was used to fetch responses from the users of the library under study. Six objectives were formulated to guide the conduct of the study. Four research questions were generated and answered, and two null hypotheses were tested. Frequency count and percentages were used to answer the research questions and Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance, using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The findings of the study revealed that CD-ROM, databases, internet services, electronic journals, databases and electronic books were the types of electronic information resources that were readily available for the library users. The study further established that the library users under study had access to the electronic information resources to moderate extent, such resources were utilized by the user on a weekly basis. However, it was also revealed that the users were not satisfied with the electronic information resources found in the library under study this was evident due to the fact that majority of the respondents that is, 45 (51.7%) revealed that they were not satisfied. Further to these findings, availability of information resources has significant relationship with extent of accessibility of the electronic information resources by users and that utilization of electronic information resources has significant relationship with the extent of satisfaction with the information resources by users in Ramat Library University of Maiduguri. This was established since the calculated r-value .689 was greater than the p–value of .000, the null hypothesis was rejected. It was recommended among others that the library management should adequately make provision of fund necessary for the provision of current and up to date electronic information resources. The library management should provide means for better access to all the electronic information resources in the library Keywords: Availability, Accessibility, Utilization, Electronic Information resources

This study examined the Availability, Accessibility and Utilization of Information and Communication Technology Facilities in Ramat Library, University of Maiduguri. The objectives are to determine the extent of: availability, accessibility, utilization and users’ satisfaction with information and communication technology facilities, and the study also determined the combined relationship between availability, accessibility and utilization of information and communication technology facilities. Survey research method was used for the study and the data was collected using a self-designed questionnaire with reliability index of r=0.89. The results indicated that information and communication technology facilities were available to a high extent, while accessibility to the information and communication facilities were to a low extent, the findings also revealed that the facilities under study were utilized to a low extent and the users are satisfied to the low extent with the information and communication technology facilities in Ramat Library. The study recommended among others that the Library should provide awareness and information and communication technology literacy programmes for the users to be more knowledgeable on the utilization of information and communication technology facilities in Ramat Library University of Maiduguri. Keywords: Availability, Accessibility, Utilization, Information and Communication Technology Facilities, Ramat Library

Tax revenue is one of the major sources of revenue to the government at all levels be it Federal, State or Local Governments. The primary and very vital function of taxation is to effectively raise revenue to finance government expenditures. The unprecedented increase in the number of tax frauds and evasions as a result of erosions in taxadministration at all levels leaves much to be desired. The spate of tax frauds in Nigeria and the resultant repercussions on the tax revenue generating efforts of the government in Nigeria has brought a great deal of depletion in government tax revenue base and stagnation in developmental projects that are expected to be financed by such revenue. The massive tax frauds in Nigeria have brought bitter experiences for the economy and untold hardship to the government and citizenry. These challenging situations have made the application of tax audit and investigations techniques invaluable tools for closing up tax revenue leakages so as to boost the tax revenue base. Both primary and secondary sources of data collection were used. The non-parametric statistical tool was applied and the sample of the study is 105 staff of the Federal Inland Revenue Service out of 158based on judgmental sampling technique. The findings showed that tax audit and investigations promote voluntary complianceand as such effective tax revenue generating and recovering tools. Secondly, it revealed that tax audit and investigations are investigative or diagnostic tools that facilitate effective tax frauds detection. Thirdly, the findings also showed that tax audit and investigations promotetax frauds prevention and reports obtained are used in courts of law as credible evidences against tax offenders. It is recommended that tax education or voluntary compliance orientation for tax payers be done on a regular basis. Secondly, there should be regular, concrete and technical training and retraining of tax auditors, tax investigators as well as tax officials to boost tax fraud detection strategies. Thirdly, tax authorities in Nigeria should put in place strong tax anti-fraud mechanisms for the prevention of tax frauds and adequate records of tax records must be maintained. Keywords: Taxation, Tax Audit, Tax Investigations, Tax Fraud, Tax Revenue

This study assessed the effect of financial management practices on sustainability of micro and small-scale enterprises (MSEs) in Gboko, Benue State – Nigeria. Business owners and operators of MSEs, and accountants in the study area constituted the population of the study. Using purposive and convenience techniques, the study sampled the opinions of 286 representative population elements, which were collected through structured questionnaires. For data analysis, the study used descriptive (mean, standard deviation and percentages) and inferential (multiple regression) statistics. Findings were that capital budgeting; financing; budgetary control, earnings management and financial reporting practices had significant effect on sustainability of MSEs in Benue State. It was thus, concluded that financial management practices have moderate effect on overall sustainability of MSEs in Benue State. Recommendation was made for operators of MSEs and relevant government agencies in Benue State to take all issues of financial management seriously. To begin with, government should assist group MSEs with professional financial management extension services to cover budgeting, budgetary control and preparation of annual financial statements. Keywords: Financial management practices; Economic sustainability; Micro and small-scale enterprises; Benue State; Nigeria

The study examined the moderating role of audit committee financial literacy on earnings management and the value of quoted Nigerian banks. Correlation research design was adopted to define the structure and strategy of the study, while the target population was quoted Nigerian deposit money banks as at 31st December, 2020. Out of the 19 banks 14 were purposively chosen based on their complete annual reports over the period of the study (2016-2020). Regression analysis was adopted in analyzing the collected data. Thus, the study found a positive and significant relationship between accrual earnings and returns on assets, and real earnings and returns on assets of the banks. However, audit committee financial literacy was found to negatively moderate earnings management and the value of the banks. This signifies that, the higher the audit committee members with financial literacy the lower the practice of earnings management among the banks. Therefore, the board of Nigerian quoted deposit money banks should increase the number of audit committee members with financial literacy skills. This can minimizes the practice of earnings management by the managers, hence improve firm value. Keyword: Audit committee financial literacy, Deposit money banks, Firm value, Nigeria

The central concern of this study has been with how some translators of Busri’s Qasidat Al- Burdah deal with antonymy, the study also looks into many different types of antonymy in the poem and how some translators interpret this relation. To test out the main premise of the study, reference has been made to three different translations of Al- Burdah. This study theorises that antonyms are context-bound, and they create problems in translation. Antonymy is a rhetorical aesthetic device, which has not been given a due attention by Al- Burdah translators. It is concluded that antonymy plays an important role in language use. The English language differs from Arabic language in its degree or number of antonymous words; it has many more. Some of them are concerned with rendering antonyms, irrespective of their parts of speech.

Climate change is accompanied by a number of changes in temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and other climate extremes. This is further compounded by drought and flooding, which bring about changes in crop productivity. The impact of climate change on crop production in Gombe state, Nigeria, was investigated in this study. The study employed secondary data from the Gombe State meteorological weather station, the Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority Dadin-Kowa, and the Gombe State Agricultural Development Programme from 1996 to 2017. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and the Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) Bounds technique for cointegration. The outcome showed that climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall) have a major impact on crop yield in the long- and short run. The study recommends that, to mitigate the consequences of climate change, the use of ecologically friendly agricultural methods should be encouraged. Keywords: climate change, crop production, autoregressive distributive lag bounds approach.

The significance of language for security, peace and stability of individuals, groups and nations is indisputable. Apart from being a communicative tool, language is and will remain vital to the safety of lives and property without which no meaningful development can be achieved. This paper therefore attempts to investigate how proficiency in Arabic language, among those saddled with the responsibility of securing lives and property, can contribute to tackling the spate of insecurity of lives and property around the globe. It also examines the role Arabic language proficiency can play in assisting security agents in carrying out their responsibilities. Descriptive research approach is applied in analyzing the role of Arabic in global security. The findings of the paper depict Arabic as a language in high demand, particularly in the Western world because of its significance to security and fighting insurgency in any part of the world. It calls on governments, organizations and individuals to encourage the teaching and learning of Arabic language, as its proficiency will, among other things, enhance security, peace and socio-economic development.

The study is set to investigate the possible causes of the misuse or inappropriate use of English auxiliary verbs by Bauchi State University Students as a case study. The theoretical framework of the study is based on the theory of interlanguage. A total number of two hundred 200 students randomly selected were used for the study. An objective test and questionnaire were use in collecting data from the respondents. Four research questions were formulated to guide the study. Sample percentages were use in analyzing and interpreting the date collected. From the study, we found out that a number of factors accounted for the misuse or inappropriate use of auxiliary verbs by the subjects. These include; lack of knowledge about the rules of usage, faulty teaching, inadequate exposure to the grammar of the target language, poor learning strategy, complexity of the target language among others. Keywords: Auxiliary Verbs, Tertiary Institutions, Errors/Mistakes, University Students

The study focused on Non-Timber Forest Products as a panacea towards food security in part of Kwara State, Nigeria. The aims of the study were to: describe the socio-economic characteristic, examine the perceived effects of NTFPs utilization on food security and determine the perception of respondents towards NTFPs utilization in the study areas. A multistage sampling technique was used for the selection of 360 respondents. Structured and validated interview schedule were used to obtain information. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools while Pearson Moment Correlation used to test the hypotheses of the study. The result revealed that, the mean age of the respondents was 52 years, mostly males and were married with an average household size of 7 persons. The respondents identified perceived benefits derived in NTFPs utilization that adequate access to cheap and quality calories intake ranked first with (WMS=4.46), Reduction in the mortality rates ranked second with (WMS=4.30), while decreased in the prices of food items ranked least with (WMS=2.91), Majority (77%) of the respondents have favourable perception towards NTFPs utilization. PPMC analysis at 0.05 level of significance shows that marital status(r=0.231,p=0.011, and household size (r=-0.253,p=0.005 has significant relationship with respondents level of NTFPs utilization. NTPFs utilization and respondents welfare status (r=0.3821, p=0.0001).The study concluded that NTFPs is a panacea to food insecurity Its therefore recommended that Non- Timber Forest Products utilization should be regulated not to be over explore. Keywords: Food security, Perception and Utilization

Zotero as a platform for formatting references, is one of the many known reference management software tools that help researchers in selecting and recording cited material based on variety of citation styles. The paper aimed at reviewing its enormous contributions when adopted in Technical Report Write-ups. Critical review of three selected papers was made within the timeframe of 2012, 2014 and 2018 publications in academia to produce enough contributions to knowledge from the past down to present. Zotero came to discourse in 2006 by the Centre for History and New Media at the George Mason University and free to be downloaded as open- source software add-on to the Firefox browser. An icon is shown in the address bar when it is installed, so that any of the thousands of supported sites like PudMed, Google Scholar, Wikipedia, and many others are browsed and cited. Its features are that References and Scholarly materials are automatically detected; Researcher can easily click to save the materials cited, the webpage, or PDFs of academic works; Keyword tagging of content is also supported. Other features are Cloud synchronization functionality – where all materials added to library is uploaded to the Zotero servers which becomes available from any web browser. The software facilitates collaboration in a shared libraries between teams of users that can be accessed privately or publicly. Keywords: Formatting References, Reference Management Software, Referencing Tool, Reviewing Zotero and Zotero.

The increasing and frightening rate of proliferation of small arms is the definite cause of communal conflict in Nigeria. Small arms are a major source of total destruction to human lives and property and worsen inter-communal clashes, resulting to serious violence. Most of the Nigerian borders are porous, therefore, giving room for easy influx, movement and exit of arms, human trafficking and drugs. However, high level of corruption in Nigeria constitutes the various security risks bedeviling the state. This study examines the Consequences of Proliferation of Small Arms and Communal conflict in Nigeria. The major objective is to assess the concerted efforts of the Nigerian government in combating the threat with a plan to proffer solutions on how to resolve the frightening occurrence. The study adopted the Radical Structural Conflict and Failed State Theories respectively. The study recommends that, the Government should have an intensive Policing and efficient monitoring mechanisms of Nigeria borders, the government of Nigeria should also endeavour to enlist the support of her citizens to in the the imperative fight against role the of small security arms agencies and light for weapons sustenance proliferation of the nation’s in the peace country. and security. Keywords: Small Arms, Communal Conflict.

Correctional Institution congestion is often identified as the cause of inmate ill health and misconduct and of post release recidivism. Congestion can be measured objectively in several ways, in terms of floor space per Inmate, Inmates per living unit, and institutional population relative to stated capacity. The major objective of this study is to address why Inmates are housed in large, open bay dormitories in Jos Custodial Centre. The Significance of the Study will therefore, explain the dynamics of the Effect of Jos Custodial Centre congestion and Security Architecture of Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State Nigeria. The findings on this study is that, Inmates housed in large, open bay dormitories are more likely to visit clinics and also have high blood pressure than Inmates in other housing arrangements (single- bunked cells, double-bunked cells, small dormitories, large partitioned dormitories). Inmates in dormitories have higher assault rates than other Inmates. The study adopted Re- Integrated Theory and the Administrative Control Theory. The study therefore recommends that government should embark on a programme of Correctional Institution expansion to avoid congestion. Considering the encompassing merits of Restorative Justice, there is an urgent need to officially integrate this alternative to incarceration intervention programme into the Nigerian legal system, as this will go a long way in decongesting the seemingly overpopulated Jos Custodial Centre. Keywords: Congestion, Jos Custodial Centre, and Security

This study examined hate speeches in the social media (Facebook Status) conversations among Nigerians. The research looked at naturally-occurring language situations in relation to the ethnic, religious, regional and cultural stereotypes of the interlocutors to determine how such interactions turned sensational. It used two theories of linguistic investigation. They are; Cognitive Metaphor and Mental Spaces both of which are cognitive linguistics theories that relate language with human thought/mind. The method of data collection was sampling of a Facebook conversation by Nigerians in which expressions are emotionally-charged. The result of the findings showed that the dual theories of Cognitive Metaphor and Mental Spaces readily accounted for such language situation. On the one hand, the metaphorical expressions used are found to be the language of cultural stereotypes because the slur language that ensued was actually a reflection of the assumptions each interlocutor held against the other. On the other hand, it was discovered that the perceptions of the interlocutors, resulting from their perceptual experience, depicting their feelings of disaffection against each other, were key factors in conceptualizing such emotional statements or utterances as stereotypical.

The study examines the impact of business planning on the competitiveness of manufacturing firms. The study adopts a descriptive survey in which quantitative data were employed and the Sample size was drowned from the Plateau State Micro-finance development Agency a total of 627 data was collected from 203 manufacturing firms. The hypotheses were tested through the Multiple Regression Method, also Multi-Collinearity Coefficients, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test assesses the normality of the constructs and to ensure robust regression results. Findings revealed that financial planning and Marketing planning has a direct significant impact on manufacturing firms’ competitiveness with a p-value= 0.000 (Hyp 1) and p-value=0.000 (Hyp 3) respectively, while Production planning has an insignificant impact on manufacturing firms’ competitiveness with a p-value = 0.276. This finding shows that business planning significantly impacts the Competitiveness of manufacturing firms in Plateau State. Keywords: Business Planning, Competitiveness.

The study is on hate speeches as a metaphors of cultural stereotypes by some Facebook users while updating their status. The study is aimed at examining hate speeches as a metaphorical expression used in the language of cultural stereotypes. The theoretical framework considered for this study is eclectic; Cognitive Metaphor and theory of Cultural Stereotype. Twenty (20) status update were sampled from a Facebook by some subscribers and the conversation that ensued among the interlocutors of different ethnic groups in Nigeria. In the data analysis, the research found out that the conversation which was supposed to be a political discourse turned out to be an emotionally-charged one, with all the interlocutors making derogatory statements against one another. The result shows that; the kind of slur language that ensued was a reflection of the assumptions each interlocutor holds against the other on account of the different ethnic nationalities they came from. It was discovered that sixteen (16) out of the twenty (20) statements realized in the status update were structural metaphors. The recurrence of structural metaphors indicates that there are feelings of disaffection in the society. Keywords: Hate Speeches, Cognitive Metaphor,Introduction Language is a critical phenomenon that has continued to shape relationships between individuals, amongst groups, communities and nations. Stephen Levenson points out that, communication is the connection between what the speaker says and the assumptions he holds, or shares with the hearers or what is said before which becomes basic for language understanding (34). By implication, language is the most vital tool of communication, taking into cognizance the context in which it takes place – the participants, the purposes, beliefs and other non-linguistic tools that inform human social interactions, (Akmajian et al 244-245). This research was born out of the fact that the multi-ethnic nature of Nigeria has continued to play a vital role in how inter- group or cultural rivalries shape linguistic behaviors of interlocutors. Oftentimes, speakers, resulting from their different assumptions or perceptions of each other, make statements that are usually viewed as stereotypical of their out-group. As a result 20 Cultural Stereotypes, Facebook Status Update

A nagging concern on the mind of all developing countries, Nigeria inclusive, is that of development. The countries so referred to as developing, are in a hurry to “catch up” with the more developed western countries of Europe, the U.S.A, Japan ,Russia, China, among others. To ensure sustainable economic growth and development in an economy, investment in human capital is therefore essential. This paper attempts to assess Nigeria’s effort at human capital development for the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).Other specific objectives are to examine the role of the university in intellectual capital development; to examine Nigeria’s skill acquisition programmes and unemployment reduction. Nigeria’s development challenges were identified to include in-adequate financing, economic, socio- political, environmental, regional, science and technology, and corruption challenges were x- rayed. The methodology adopted was that of the content analysis as sources of data were all secondary from publications of the UN, the National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria’s report to the Rio+2 summit, a review of publications in reputable international journals. The paper recommended massive sensitization and awareness campaign by Government, the establishment of a Sustainable development Fund (SDF) among other initiatives.

Todays corporate establishments capital structure and investment decisions are critical to its survival. Previous studies have found mixed results when it comes to capital structure decisions and financial success. Using data from yearly audited financial statements of firms in Nigeria from 2010 to 2020, this article looked at the moderating influence of investment decisions on capital finance decisions and consumer products company financial performance. The link between the variables of 16 specified sample enterprises out of 27 populations was investigated using ex-post factor design, and inferential statistical techniques. The result of the study revealed that Total debt to total assets has a significant and positive relationship with firm performance as assessed by Tobins q, whereas Total debt to Total equity has a negatively significant relationship with firm financial performance as evaluated by Tobins q. Furthermore, investment decisions moderate the relation between capital financing structure and financial performance as measured by Tobins q. The studys conclusion and recommendation are that consumer goods companies seeking to maximize sales and profits can consider making sound investment decisions and relate same to shareholders, allowing them to reach a higher amount of financial results, In addition, a decision should be made and that the regulatory authorities should promote the consumption of domestic products and Nigerian brand to support the countrys infrastructural expansion. Keywords: Investment Decision, Capital Structure, Financial Performance, Total Debts, Shareholders’ Equity, Consumer goods companies.

The research analyzed the influence of liquidity risk and inflation rate on the financial performance of Nigerias listed Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) for ten years (2009- 2019). Using the ex-post facto research approach to secondary data, a sample size of 12 deposit money institutions that were publicly traded on the Nigerian Stock Exchange was selected. Panel regression analysis which was used in this investigation indicated that liquidity risk has no substantial impact on the return on equity, according to the research. Furthermore, it was shown that during the study period, the rate of inflation had no significant moderating influence on the link between liquidity risk and deposit money bank financial performance. The research concluded that commercial banks should place a greater emphasis on other external environmental forces such as GDP, interest rates, and other aspects of commercial banking that may have a substantial effect on corporate performance.

A qasar Hausa kowane makaxi yana da salon yadda yake aiwatar da kixansa, kuma waxannan makaxan sukan bayar da gudummawa ta vangarori da dama. Saboda haka muradin wannan takarda shi ne fito da adon harshe a wasu waqoqin Alhaji Mamman Shata wanda suka haxa da: Kamantawa da Siffantawa da Jinsintarwa da Dabbantarwa da Abuntarwa da Alamtarwa da Kinaya da sauransu.Amma a wannan takardar mai taken amfani da adon harshe a wasu waqoqin Alhaji Mamman Shata a nan za a xauki uku daga ciki a yi bayani a kai kamar su: Kamantawa da Siffantawa da kuma Jinsintarwa ne. An xora wannan takardar ne a kan ra’in nazarin waqar baka Bahaushiya wadda Farfesa Sa’idu Muhammad Gusau ya samar a shekarar 1993. An yi amfani da Littatafai da takardu na ilimi da matanin waqar da kaset da kuma hira a matsayin hanyoyin da aka bi wajen gudanar da wannan binciken. Binciken ya gano nau’in adon harshe da Alhaji Mamman Shata yake amfani da su domin cim ma burinsa wajen nuna gwaninta da kuma iya sarrafa harshe a cikin wasu waqoqinsa. Har wa yau, binciken ya sake gano ta yin amfani da adon harshe ne makaxi zai saka waxansu kalmomi a xan waqa ba tare an fahimci saqonsa kai tsaye ba, dole sai an yi bayani. Kalmomin Fannu: Amfani da Harshe da Waqa.

The study investigated expressed emotion among family of care givers of persons with schizophrenia in Federal Neuro–Psychiatric Hospital Barnawa, Kaduna. A descriptive cross sectional study was adopted. A convenience sampling method was employed in this study. One hundred and twenty (120) in-patients and one hundred and twenty caregivers of schizophrenic illness were recruited for this study. Data were collected using two research instruments; Zarit Burden Interview and W.H.O disability assessment schedule. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Three hypotheses were tested using chi- square statistics. The first hypothesis looked at levels of expressed emotions among family caregivers of persons with schizophrenia. Findings revealed that majority of the participants (97.3%) report that they experienced high burden of expressed emotions. The second hypothesis assessed the relationship between age and burden of care among relations of schizophrenia. Results comparing both variables were significant, X2 = 2.116, df = 2, P = .149 (P < .05). Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. The last hypothesis examined effects of burden of care among caregivers of schizophrenic patients. Further analysis of the outcome was significant X2 = 45.282, df = 3, P = (P < .05). In conclusion, there is the need for family interventions that provide proper information and psychological support to help relatives improve their understanding of the disorder. There is also need for social support as high social support increase more resilience in caregiver. There is the need for family post treatment counselling in order to curtail relapse cases among patients with Schizophrenia. Keywords: Burden, Expressed Emotions, Caregivers, Schizophrenia & Mental Disorder

This paper is not written specifically on armed banditry, bad governance or terrorism that bedeviled the nook and crannies of Nigeria rather it is a paper that is written to encourage Nigerians who are subdued by the cohort of fear and hopelessness to rise against the forces of evils that made their lives miserable. It is a call to Nigerians to learn from the strategies of African nationalist who gallantly challenge the forces of colonialism in spite of their maxim guns. It is a call for them to remove fear and embrace heroism and salvage themselves from banditry and terrorism even if it means returning fire for fire. To achieve this objective the paper examines the nature of colonialism in some selected countries of Africa as well as the nature of the struggle offered by the vanguards of nationalism. However, the paper also recommends that Nigerians should use peaceful and political approach in calling the attention of government on its lackadaisical attitude on the plight of its subjects – a method employed by the nationalist in West Africa to liberate their countries from the colonial bigots. Keywords: Imperialism, Nationalism, Nationalist, Colonialism, Liberal Struggle.

This study investigated effects of Psycho-social Therapy (PST) on Emotions of Pupils with Temper Tantrum (PWTT). The specific objectives were to examine the extent to which PST can be used to change the feelings and comportment of PWTT before and after treatment; using quasi experimental design, research design (Pretest-Posttest, Control Group Design). The population of PWTT in the school under investigation was 11 while the sample used was 10. Emotional Scale was the instrument used to obtain data. The data were analysed using simple mean, frequencies, percentages and tables to answer the research questions. Analysis of Covariance was used to test the hypotheses at P-value < 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed that PST change the emotions of PWTT to a moderate extent. The study recommended that PST should be encouraged to change negative emotions of PWTT to positive emotions.

This paper is empirical in nature, as it shares its findings from a broad research project on the strategic policy options that can be adopted by the Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) towards ensuring adequate youth empowerment in Borno state Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) camp. Using the qualitative method of data collection relevant questions were asked from the key and selected informants about these strategic policy options and as they relate to the paper’s objective. Essential findings that emerged from the key informant interviews conducted for the purpose of this paper were the provision of financial empowerment, empowerment through targeted inclusion, and provision of empowerment service/training. Inclusion of youth in decision-making, involvement of stakeholders, integration of peace- building, orientation, and motivation; themes such as the provision of empowerment, had subthemes such as the provision of occupational skill, youth training/internship, and leadership training and education. Keywords: Business Loan; IDPs; NGOs; Stakeholders; Strategic, Policy Options

The study aimed at entrepreneurial career aspirations and graduate unemployment in Kogi State. The study determined the entrepreneurship education on graduate unemployment in Kogi State. The study used descriptive research design. The sample size of the study was 385. The descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for analysis. Multiple regression analysis was used. Finding revealed that entrepreneurship education has significant effect on graduate unemployment in Kogi State. The study concluded that there is clear evidence to validate that experiential pedagogical approach adopted in the selected institutions in Kogi State, motivate identification of business opportunities by experientially creating a shared vision of the process of entrepreneurship. The recommended that since entrepreneurship education has significant relationship with graduates’ unemployment in Kogi State Tertiary Institutions, different government agencies and the tertiary institutions authorities should ensure that adequate entrepreneurial career should be provided to enable students aspiration in Kogi State higher institutions. Keywords: Entrepreneurial Career, Graduate Unemployment, Business Opportunities, Entrepreneurial Culture, Entrepreneurship

The paper examines the causes, forms and consequences of insecurity in secondary schools in Zamfara state. Three research questions and three research objectives guided the study. Target population of the study is 5448 participants consisting of school administrators, parents’ representatives from members of Parent-Teachers Association, members of school-based management committee and teachers that were deliberately selected from four education zones of Zamfara state. Cluster and stratified random sampling techniques were used to select 10% of the entire target population as sample of the study. Questionnaire titled Causes, Forms and Consequences of Insecurity (CFTIQ) was used for data collection. Data collected was analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, mean and standard deviation. Findings of the study indicates that causes of insecurity in secondary schools in Zamfara state includes: Nonchalant attitude of school administrator, porous school environment; Shortage of qualified security personnel, Emotional and psychological maltreatment, inadequate of school’s security awareness, Attitude of teachers towards security issues; poor government commitment towards school security among others. The study recommends that School administrators should work in collaboration with key stakeholders to address the causes of insecurity in their schools as a proactive measure against all threats to the security of staff, students and properties in their schools. Keywords: Insecurity, Causes of Insecurity, Forms of Insecurity and Consequences of Insecurity.

This study examined the impact of commercial bank credit to the agricultural sector on domestic food production in Nigeria spanning 1991-2021. The study used the auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to carry out its empirical analysis. Findings from the study revealed that, both in the short-run and in the long-run, commercial bank credit to the agricultural sector has positive impact on domestic food production in the country. However, in terms of the sizes of the estimated coefficients, the impact of commercial bank credit to the agricultural sector on domestic food production is low, increasing food production by about 0.05 and 0.08 per cents in the short and long respectively. The study found that the high cost of borrowing from commercial banks is limiting the nations ability to produce food. Based on these findings, more credit facilities should be made accessible to farmers at affordable single-digit interest rates by commercial banks in order to boost domestic food production. Keywords: Commercial Bank, Bank Credit, Food Production, Bound Test

This paper examines the concepts of hybridism as posthuman subjectivity and the alienation it engenders for the posthuman characters in Octavia Butler’s Xenogenesis and Nnedi Okorafor’s Binti trilogies who become different from the anthropocentric norm due to genetic, sexual and cultural interconnections with other-than-human others. The study situates its analysis within a posthumanist framework which questions and challenges the anthropocentric ordering of Western humanist tradition and demonstrates how the posthuman subject is always ‘othered’ and alienated due to conditions of posthuman/metahuman transformation. It demonstrates how hybrid connections between human and non-human components in fictional anthropocentric societies often result in posthuman conditions and subjectivities that transcend and decentre privileged human hierarchies and categories. The paper also explores the trials and constraints that being ‘other’, alien, hybrid and posthuman in each text has on the lives of characters who fall beyond the privileged categories of the portrayed fictional societies; and argues that biological and cultural hybridism results not only in the development of posthuman subjectivity but also translates into conditions of alienation and discrimination in anthropocentric societies. Keywords: hybridism, posthuman, metahuman, subjectivity, anthropocentric, cyborg, oddkin, alienation

The study assessed knowledge sharing among undergraduate students of Yobe State University, Damaturu. Two research objectives, research questions and hypotheses were formulated respectively in line with the objectives of the study. The study employed a descriptive survey design. The population of the study consisted of all undergraduate students of Yobe State University. Random sampling was employed in the selection of students from 300 and 400 levels. A self-structured questionnaire was the main instruments for the data collection among 400 level students and 300 level students in the Yobe State University, Damaturu. The analysis of data involved the use of descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation as well as inferential statistics that involved independent T-test used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that students shared the types of knowledge that would be of benefit to them. Also, the study revealed that there is positive result on knowledge sharing practices among undergraduate students of Yobe State University, Damaturu. The paper recommended among others that, the university management, Heads of Departments and lecturers should give sufficient attention to the dynamic nature of students and provide avenue for knowledge sharing that have the potential to influence undergradute students’ academic performance. Keywords: Knowledge, Management, Sharing

This study focuses on the preparedness for fire outbreak in the Central Business District of Kaduna metropolis. The study was guided by Precaution Adoption Process Model. Data collected from the field was used to check the level of awareness of building occupants in the Central Business District to fire outbreak and the presence of fire safety installations and level of preparedness to fire outbreak in the District. Data analysis revealed low preparedness for fire emergencies by shop owners and market infrastructure. The study led to the evolvement of Fire Preparedness Model. The Model explains effective ways of been prepared against fire outbreak, and can serve as a prototype in educating people about fire outbreak and also serve as a tool for raising awareness about fire safety measures in buildings. It was also suggested that there should be legislation on the part of Government to enforce provision of fire safety equipment in all the buildings within the Central Business District. The legislation should incorporate insurance of buildings and goods in the market. This will provide succour during fire outbreak. Likewise, there should be regular training of shop owners on how to use the fire safety equipment provided. Keywords: Fire, Kaduna metropolis, Model, Precaution Adoption Process, Preparedness

The research focuses on the effect of sales promotion activities on consumer purchasing decisions for selected GSM service providers in Benue State. The survey method was used to elicit data from the respondents. Using Cochran’s (1977) sample size determination formula, the sample involves 384 active subscribers from a population of 4,627,589. It covers the four leading mobile telecommunications companies - Globacom, MTN Nigeria, Airtel, and 9Mobile - that operate in Benue State. A simple random sampling technique was used. The study used a structured questionnaire. Respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with each Statement. All items were measured on a five-point scale. Descriptive and inferential (linear regression) statistical analytical methods were employed to analyze the data. The result from linear regression analysis established that the rate of free-credit promotions by GSM providers significantly influences the choice of network subscription among people in Benue State. Similarly, linear regression analysis revealed that the rate of product discounts offered by network providers in Benue State has a significant impact on the rate of network switching among subscribers. Thus, the study recommends that telecom operators in the State should distinctively make clear their free credit promotion to guide their customers in choosing their network. Keywords: Sales promotion, Purchase Decisions, GSM Service Providers, Benue State.

The main thrust of this work is to unveil the translation patterns of names of characters in Abdullahi’s Gandun Dabbobi-GD, a Hausa translated version of Orwell’s Animal Farm. The conviction, here, is also to set off the possibility of how the two textual materials achieve unity or mediate meaning of the translated names. And whether or not the character’s roles determine their translated names or vice versa. Thus, the bulk of the data is from GD and its English original version-AF. This gives a clear picture of the characters in the characterization. To execute this investigation, the researcher used the features of Nida’s Equivalence Theory which specify how two or more texts gain correspondence in terms of forms and in meaning. This renders the work partly linguistic and partly translation, as the two concepts are isomorphic when they involve working together. The research discloses that Abdullahi’s naming system is unique and strategic and achieves weak equivalence on one to one correspondence of the original text names, or on the ground of physical nature or on attitudinal quality of the characters but on their role ascription. Keywords: Onomastic, Translation, Naming System, Animal Farm-Gandun Dabbobi, Character and Characterization, Translation Equivalence

Manufar wannan takarda ita ce nazari a kan ƙalubalen da mai fassara yake fuskanta yayin aikin fassara, musamman daga harshensa na uwa zuwa wani harshe na daban. Wannan takarda ta nazarci Taskar Tatsuniyoyi na Bukar Usman wanda ya fassara tatsuniyoyin harshensa na Babur zuwa Hausa da nufin taskace al’adu da harshen al’umarsa. Baya ga yin bita a kan ayyukan fassara masu alaƙa da wannan bincike, an kuma zaɓi wasu daga cikin tatsuniyoyi 315 da mawallafin ya fassara aka karanta su, sannan aka ƙalailaice su. An yi amfani da mahangar al’ada da kuma ta harshe da ke duba ga tasirin mai fassara da kuma al’adun harshen bayarwa a kan harshen karɓa. Binciken ya zaƙulo kalmomi da al’adun da suka yi kutse cikin harshen Hausa sakamakon yin fassarar.

Large numbers of Christians globally misinterpret the teachings of Islam, and Boko Haram therefore, raised additional misconceptions and hatred against Islam and Muslims as result of the ways in which the group mercilessly killing innocents, it was observed that, the Christians spread many misconceptions against Islam through utterances on social Medias, radios and etc, among of it include; the insurgents target Christians only, some claim that, it is a set-up by Muslims against Good Luck administration, some even think that it is a process of Islamizing the Nation. These misinterpretation and perceptions affect Islam and Muslims in River State, socially, economically, politically and Da’awah activities. These problems are the factors which this paper wills Inshai Allah look upon. The aim of the work is to determine real teaching of Islam and clear the wrong perception from the Christians’ mind, the objectives of the work are; to narrate the Conspiracy theory on the insurgents, to refresh Da’awah activities in Rivers state, to identify the extents that image of Islam was distorted, Scholastic respond to the perceptions etc. the researchers use three methods for gathering the facts which are; questionnaires, interviews, and discussions. The paper finds out that the insurgents’ activities created more disunity among Nigerians, the fact is, the insurgents is set-up by foreign influence through Nigeria politicians for their daily foods, it was discovered that not only Muslims are the member of the group but even Christians are involved Keywords: Boko Haram, Islam, Muslims, Christians, Christianity, Rivers State

The efficiency of the board of corporate organizations are very important to the smooth running of the organization and eventually resulted into good corporate performance. Given that board efficiency is subject to its structure, it therefore becomes imperative for studies to empirically ascertain the relationship between boards attributes such as board size and board gender diversity and firms’ performance. However, empirical literatures in this area of study are inconclusive hence, the need for more study into this area of study. It is on this note that this study examines board size, board gender diversity and financial performance of quoted deposit money banks in Nigeria, from 2014 to 2020. The population comprises all the 11 quoted deposit money banks in Nigeria while simple random sampling technique was used to arrive at a sample size of eight quoted deposit money banks in Nigeria. The hypotheses were tested using Ordinary Least Square regression model after conducting some diagnostics tests. Findings revealed that board size (BSIZE) has an insignificant negative effect on return on asset of deposit money banks in Nigeria while board gender diversity (BGDIV) has a significant negative effect on return on asset of deposit money banks in Nigeria. it was concluded that large board size reduces the quality of return on asset of deposit money banks in Nigeria and that the deposit money banks’ must maintain the equal numbers for both female gender and male gender in the board to enhance the quality return on asset of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study recommended amongst other things that the deposit money banks in Nigeria should maintain a smaller board size to enhance quick decision making which will enhance the quality of return on asset of deposit money banks in Nigeria and should also maintain equal numbers of both female gender and male gender in the board to enhance the quality of return on asset of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Keywords: board size, board gender diversity, firm size, agency theory, financial performance, return on assets (ROA)

The study examined the implications of fraud on the performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria for the period of 2005 to 2020. The study utilized secondary data on profitability ratio of deposit money banks as proxy for the performance of deposit money banks being the dependent variable while % of Cheque Fraud, % of Fraudulent Invoices and Payments, % of Fraudulent Loans and % of Money Laundering were the independent variables sourced from Statistical Fact Database of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria. The study used Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Multiple Regression as its method of data analysis. The study based on the regression results revealed that % of Cheque Fraud rate has negative implication on the performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria within the study period. The regression results also revealed that % of Fraudulent Invoices and Payments and fraudulent loans also had negative implication on the performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria within the study period. Finally, the study based on the regression results revealed that % of Money Laundering had negative implication on the performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria within the study period. Based on the findings, the study recommended that Deposit money banks in Nigeria should put in place fraud detection mechanisms in order to reduce the cheque fraud so as to enhance the profitability performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Deposit money banks should set up an efficient, reliable and working fraud detection department to oversee all the transactions that are considered prone to fraud to minimize fraudulent invoices and payments in order to enhance their performance. Finally, government should embark on tactical monetary policies to control the amount of money laundering so as to enhance the performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Keywords: Fraud, Performance and Deposit Money Banks

The focus of this paper is to critically examine public sector innovation and how it can enhance organisational effectiveness in the 21 st Century. It argues that public sector innovation involves the introduction of new ideas that create value for society. It examined innovations and best practices in the public sector: international, continental and national experiences. The paper adopted a qualitative approach to research and analysed data gathered from secondary sources thematically. Major findings from an examination of the Nigerian experience reveal that innovation efforts side-by-side with public sector reforms were invigorated following Nigeria’s return to democratic rule in 1999. It also revealed that despite noble intentions of the innovations/reforms in the public sector to address leakages in government resources, service delivery, and inefficiency, several challenges continue to impede efforts at innovation. These include leadership, the changing environment, and growing citizens’ expectations, globalization, resource constraints, challenges of embracing emerging technologies s, the politicization of public sectors, and fear of change. The paper concludes that while the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR) comes with its disruptions, it is notable that innovations and technologies in the context of the 4IR provide room for innovations in the public sector for effective service delivery in the public sector organisations in the 21st century. Keywords: Innovation, Organisation, Effectiveness, Nigeria, 4IR

Investment is one of the key variable use in any kind of development of the country, therefore the prime objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of domestic investment on the standard of living in Nigeria for the period of 1986 to 2020. In order to achieve this objective, ARDL model were employed in the study. The properties of the data were first checked in order to avoid spurious regression and found that some of the variablesware integrated of order zero while other were integrated of order one. The results revealed that, domestic investment and Foreign Direct investment are positively and statistically significant in improving the standard of living both in short run and long run in Nigeria, while trade openness is negative and statistically significant in improving the standard of living in the country. The study recommends that, policy makers and stake holders should inspire resident in the importance of domestic investment as well as Foreign Direct investment in the economy. Keywords: ARDL, Domestic Investment, FDI, Standard of Living and Trade Openness